Abstract

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted between July 17 and August 17, 2025, among urology specialist and residents actively practicing in Türkiye. The questionnaire assessed participants" demographic characteristics, frequency of hematospermia (HS) cases, diagnostic and treatment preferences, and perceptions regarding the condition"s psychosocial impact. Descriptive statistics were used, and group comparisons were performed using Pearson"s chi-square or Fisher"s exact test.

Results: A total of 101 urologists (56 specialists and 45 residents) participated. While 57.4% had managed over 10 HS cases, 68.3% reported most patients were between 30–50 years old. Physical examination was routinely performed by over half of both groups. Residents were more likely than specialists to order urine cultures (86.7% vs. 57.1%, p=0.003). Recurrent HS and urinary symptoms were common triggers for further diagnostic evaluation. Quinolones were the most preferred antibiotics, significantly more so among specialists (81.8% vs. 40.0%, p<0.001). Specialists had higher experience with surgical/interventional procedures (p=0.001). Most participants considered patient age, symptoms, and clinical context in their overall approach. Approximately 60% of urologists believed HS negatively impacted patients sexual lives.

Conclusion: Despite general agreement on a symptom-guided approach, notable differences exist between urology residents and specialists regarding diagnostic tests, antibiotic use, and procedural interventions for HS. The findings highlight the need for standardized management guidelines and improved educational strategies.