Testicular torsion is a urological emergency that results in deterioration of the blood supply of the testicle and ischemia as a result of the rotation of the spermatic cord around itself. It may show a wide clinical variety with inflammatory manifestations varying from mild abdominal pain to severe scrotal pain. Orchiectomy may be required in cases which are delayed and cannot be operated urgently. Torsion of the testis and epididymis are other frequently seen causes of acute scrotum in children. Growth of masses and hormonal stimulation in the adolescent age cause an increase in the tendency of the torsion of appendix testis which have a small pedicle and epididymis. In the presence of sudden scrotal pain, testicular torsion should be considered, if there is clinical suspicion, patients should be evaluated with color doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and scrotal exploration should be performed immediately. A 20-year-old male whose clinical picture, and scrotal ultrasonography suggested the presence of testicular torsion is presented in this case report.

In the evaluation of a 32-year-old male patient who was referred to our clinic with the complaint of gynecomastia and primary infertility, ennuchoid structure, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and azoospermia were detected. Based on these findings, the genetic evaluation revealed the presence of 48XXYY syndrome. In this case report, we aimed to report the diagnostic algorithm and management of 48 XXYY syndrome. It should be noted that fertility should not be expected in patients with 48XXYY syndrome.

A 50-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency department with the complaint of prolonged erection lasting for about three hours without sexual stimulation. As understood from the patient's anamnesis and medical file, he applied to the emergency department with the complaints of fever, lassitude, and fatigability in 2015. His hemogram parameters on admission were: WBC:18.2 x109/L, Hgb: 12.9 g/dl, Htc: 39%, PLT: 379 x103 K/μL. Besides, his lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and uric acid values were elevated were found to be high, and he was referred to the hematology clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of leukemia. In the physical examination, any remarkable finding other than splenomegaly was not detected. Microscopic examination of his peripheral blood smear revealed the presence of platelet deformities, megakaryocyte fragments, normocytic normochromic erythrocytes, all cells of myeloid series, markedly increased number of basophils and eosinophils, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, rods and fragmented neutrophils. It was learned from his medical documents that the patient received the diagnosis of "CML in chronic phase" based on the histopathologic examination reports of the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy specimens obtained for definitive diagnosis, Karyotype analysis revealed the presence of Philadelphia (Ph*) chromosome, and BCR/ABL chimeric gene was detected using PCR and FISH techniques. The patient diagnosed with CML received initial treatment with single daily oral doses of a firstgeneration tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib 400 mg cap.) and allopurinol (300 mg tb) and he was called for outpatient control. The patient, who claimed that severe muscle and bone pain developed during the imatinib treatment stopped taking the drug by his own decision, so hematology physician started to give him second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors in turn (nilotinib and dasatinib). However, it was observed that these drugs also caused severe pancytopenia, and treatment with single daily oral doses of 400 mg imatinib was started again. Still, it was noted that the patient used the drug irregularly, stopped using the drug from time to time and did not routinely attend the hematology outpatient clinics for control. The patient stated that he had been prescribed trazodone HCl (50 mg/d PO) in another center due to the anxiety he had experienced and had taken the first dose the previous evening. The patient said that he had never experienced a spontaneously prolonged erection before and thought that the cause of the problem developed was related to trazodone tablet he had used for the first time the previous evening. From the anamnesis of the patient, it was learned that he did not use any drugs containing phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors. The results of the hemogram test performed when the patient applied to our emergency department were as follows; WBC: 22.2 x109/L, Hgb: 10.9 g/dl, Htc: 30%, and PLT: 579 x103 K/μL. The patient was admitted to the urology clinic for examination and treatment because of the sustained rigid erection. As the first intervention performed in the urology clinic, an 18G butterfly needle was inserted laterally into both penile corpora cavernosa of the patient to aspirate cavernosal blood. When the erection persisted despite aspiration, intracavernosal irrigation with 0.90% w/v saline was performed, but when detumescence could not be achieved, intracavernosal injection of 2 ml 1/100,000 adrenaline was performed. After the procedure, detumescence was ensured, a CobanTM self-adherent bandage was wrapped around the penis to prevent development of hematoma. The patient was monitorized for 4 hours, and then discharged. Priapism did not occur again during the follow-up period. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a stem cell disease manifested by abnormal clonal proliferation of myeloid precursor cells and accounts for 15% of adult leukemias. Its incidence is 1-2/100,000. It is more common in men (male/ female: 1.3/1) and its incidence increases between the ages of 40-60. CML was the first disease in humans to be associated with a specific chromosomal abnormality. In more than 90% of CML cases, the Philadelphia (Ph*) chromosome is detected by cytogenetic analysis [,]. Symptoms associated with anemia (such as weakness, fatigue, effort intolerance, decreased functional capacity), splenomegaly (abdominal swelling and pain, rapid satiety due to pressure of enlarged spleen on the stomach) hypermetabolic state (fever, anorexia, weight loss, gout), platelet dysfunction (hemorrhage, ecchymosis, hematoma, thromboembolic events, retinal hemorrhage), hyperleukocytosis and hyperviscosity-related findings (tinnitus, stupor, visual impairment, dyspnea, priapism and cerebrovacular events), thrombocytosis, hypereosinophilia, increase in basophil counts, anemia, elevated LDH and uric acid levels can be seen in CML. Physical examination reveals the presence of splenomegaly in 50-90%, and hepatomegaly in 10- 20% of CML patients [,]. Priapism is an uncontrolled, prolonged, and sustained erection developing without sexual stimulation and cannot be terminated by ejaculation, (Figure 1). This is a true urological emergency and early intervention is crucial for functional recovery. It has ischemic, non-ischemic and intermittent subtypes. Although often idiopathic priapism is seen, many etiologic factors of priapism are known including hematological diseases (ie. sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, leukemia, multiple myeloma), toxins (ie. scorpion, spider, malaria), metabolic diseases (ie. Fabry disease, amyloidosis), neurogenic diseases (ie. brain tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, spinal cord injury), metastatic or local invasion of tumors (ie. prostate, urethra, testis, lung) and drugs (PDE-5 inhibitors, vasoactive erectile agents such as papaverine, alpha adrenergic receptor agonists, heparin, warfarin, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, testosterone, alcohol, and cocaine) []. Figure 1. Top: Flask penis, Bottom: Erect penis Corporeal relaxation exerts external pressure on the emissary veins emerging from the tunica albuginea, causing blood to remain in the penis resulting in an erection. https://storymd.com/journal/mpq5pdku6j-penis/page/elqozasy75pq-penis Imatinib mesylate is the first selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) to target the BCR-ABL protein. While nilotinib and dasatinib are second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors used in the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML. Muscle cramps, joint, muscle or bone pain, which are common imatinib-related side effects, may also occur during imatinib treatment or after its discontinuation []. Trazodone HCl is an antidepressant used in the treatment of symptoms caused by anxiety and depression such as anxiety, appetite disorder, insomnia, and attention deficit. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) belong to the drug group and its most basic feature is that their effects start to improve symptoms within a short period of about a week. In addition to common side effects such as blurred vision, headache, dizziness, and severe fatigue, long-term painful erection (not associated with sexual activity) may also occur in men when using trazodone HCl []. Although the relevant mechanism is not fully understood, its high affinity for the α1 and α2 receptors that trazodone antagonizes is blamed in the pathophysiology []. This antagonism causes an increase in blood flow due to arteriolar dilation followed by a decrease in venous flow and obstruction of the emissary veins. In addition, α1 blockade may trigger nitric oxide release in nerves innervating arterioles and corpora cavernosa []. This whole process results in an erection. CML is one of the etiologies of priapism and there are multiple relevant case reports in the literature [,]. Herein, it has been accepted that priapism develops due to stasis associated with leukocyte aggregation in the corpora cavernosa and penile dorsal vein due to hyperleukocytosis. Another contributing factor to venous occlusion is the mechanical effect of pressure from the abdominal veins draining the spleen. In addition, infiltration into the sacral nerves or central nervous system by leukemia cells is thought to contribute to the process []. In our case, remission of the disease could not be achieved because the patient did not regularly use tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs that regulate the leukocyte level of the patient. Despite hyperleukocytosis and hyperviscosity in the bloodstream, which are considered to be the causes of priapism in CML, the patient did not develop priapism. However, priapism, which cannot develop on the basis of CML alone, has been predicted to develop due to the synergistic effect of antidepressant agent trazodone HCL in the pathogenesis. Ethics Committee Approval: N / A. Informed Consent: An informed consent was obtained from the patient. Publication: The results of the study were not published in full or in part in form of abstracts. Peer-review: Externally and internally peer-reviewed. Authorship Contributions: Any contribution was not made by any individual not listed as an author. Concept – S.I.G.; Design – S.I.G.; Supervision – S.I.G., E.G.; Resources – D.N.O.; Materials – D.N.O.; Data Collection and/or Processing – S.I.G., D.N.O.; Analysis and/or Interpretation – S.I.G., D.N.O.; Literature Search – D.N.O.; Writing – S.I.G.; Critical Review – S.I.G., E.G. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that this study received no financial support.

Dear editor, We have read with great interest, the case series and literature review of false penile fracture by Ozlu et al. in which the authors share clinical experience with more than 100 patients over a 13-year period []. By examination of operative reports, they retrospectively evaluated the patients with a pre-diagnosis of penile fracture and frankly reported a misdiagnosis rate of approximately 8%. This ratio is comparable and consistent with the literature [-]. Examining the patient clinical and operative characteristics, shown as a table on a separate page, we see that only two of total eight false penile fracture cases underwent radiological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was preferred in these patients, and it was stated that one of them was MRI positive (patient 4) and the other was MRI false positive (patient 2). Patients with a tunical tear in preoperative MRI, but no tear in surgical exploration were considered to have false penile fracture. Since only ligation procedures were performed on both MRI positive and MRI false positive patients, we think that such a distinction is confusing and not necessary. Perhaps ultrasonography could be preferred for the remaining six patients for whom radiological examination was not performed, due to its easy accessibility and provide medical recording. However, an ideal radiographic imaging modality is still lacking so far []. Although there are some clinical differences between false and true penile fractures, the two conditions cannot be clearly distinguished from each other either clinically or radiologically []. Consequently, we would like to encourage Ozlu et al., on a very diligently written and quite informative article that briefly summarizes the studies that have already been published and the approach to the patient with penile fracture. Urologists somehow have to base the definitive diagnosis of penile fracture on surgical exploration in order to eliminate serious long-term potential problems of an overlooked tunical tear. Sincerely yours. Ethics Committee Approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by the author. Authorship Contributions: Any contribution was not made by any individual not listed as an author. Concept - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Design - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Supervision - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Resources - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Materials - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Data Collection and/or Processing - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Analysis and/ or Interpretation - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Literature Search - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Writing - B.K.A., O.L.O.; Critical Review - B.K.A., O.L.O. Conflict of Interest: The author declares that he has no conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure: No grants or funding was provided for this study.